Constructing and analyzing a student information access index in the Philippines using PISA 2022 data: A PCA-based and multilevel modeling approach

Date of Publication

2026

Document Type

Bachelor's Thesis

Degree Name

Bachelor of Science in Statistics Major in Actuarial Science

Subject Categories

Education | Mathematics

College

College of Science

Department/Unit

Mathematics and Statistics Department

Thesis Advisor

Shirlee R. Ocampo

Defense Panel Chair

Angelo M. Alberto

Defense Panel Member

Nelda A. Nacion

Abstract (English)

In this digital age, information access shapes individual life trajectories and drives socio-economic development, making it a critical social lens for understanding modern issues. However, recent indices and studies have yet to capture information access holistically, without integrating intellectual capability and socioeconomic factors that influence one’s ability to effectively engage with it. Given this gap, the novel contribution of this study is the introduction of a comparable, data-driven metric named Information Access Index (IAI) that quantifies different dimensions of information accessibility of the Filipino students using polychoric Principal Component Analysis, and relating this to socioeconomic variables using two-level Multilevel Modeling (MLM) with the PISA 2022 dataset. This enables future researchers and policymakers to develop targeted interventions to improve student information access effectively. The results revealed that information access is defined by four indices, namely: school material accessibility, personal material accessibility, willingness to learn, and learning capability. Using choropleth maps, it was shown that urbanized areas, mainly in Luzon, had high IAI performance while geographically isolated areas in Visayas and Mindanao exhibited lower access, due to low material access that hinders students from nurturing intellectual capability. On the other hand, MLM showed that parents’ highest educational attainment and their occupation are associated with IAI, while student-to-teacher ratio is not. This indicates that disparity in home environments exist in the Philippines, suggesting policy interventions that do not only target students and schools, but support the family to help build a stronger foundation that nurtures information access of the students shaping their future.

Abstract Format

html

Abstract (Filipino)

Sa makabagong panahon, ang akses sa impormasyon ay humuhubog sa landas ng buhay ng mga indibidwal at nagtutulak sa pag-unlad ng sosyo-ekonomiya, kaya ito ay mahalagang lente sa pag-unawa sa mga kontemporaryong isyu. Gayunpaman, ang mga umiiral na indeks at pag-aaral ay hindi pa ganap na nasusukat ang akses sa impormasyon sa isang holistikong paraan, dahil hindi nito naisasama ang kakayahang intelektuwal at mga salik na sosyo-ekonomiko na nakaaapekto sa epektibong paggamit nito. Bilang tugon, ang makabagong ambag ng pananaliksik na ito ay ang pagkikilala ng Information Access Index (IAI), isang maihahambing at batay sa datos na panukat ng akses sa impormasyon ng mga mag-aaral na Pilipino. Ginamit ang polychoric Principal Component Analysis at iniuugnay ito sa mga baryableng sosyo-ekonomiko gamit ang two-level Multilevel Modeling (MLM) mula sa datos ng PISA 2022 sarbey. Layunin nitong tulungan ang mga mananaliksik at tagapagpatupad ng polisiya sa pagbuo ng mga layuning interbensyon. Ipinakita ng mga resulta na ang akses sa impormasyon ay may apat na dimensyon: akses sa materyales sa paaralan, personal na materyales, kahandaang matuto, at kakayahang matuto. Mas mataas ang IAI sa mga urbanisadong lugar sa Luzon, samantalang mas mababa sa mga lalawigan katulad ng Visayas at Mindanao dahil sa kakulangan sa materyales. Natuklasan din na may kaugnayan sa IAI ang edukasyon at hanapbuhay ng mga magulang, ngunit hindi ang student-to-teacher ratio. Iminumungkahi nito ang pangangailangang suportahan ang pamilya upang mapalakas ang akses sa impormasyon ng mga mag-aaral.

Abstract Format

html

Language

English

Format

Electronic

Keywords

Educational indicators--Philippines; Information literacy--Philippines

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Embargo Period

4-13-2026

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