JEL Classification System
I28, J21, J24
Abstract
The study evaluates the impact of the K-12 reform on providing employment opportunities to senior high school (SHS) graduates. It employed a novel strategy for causal inference using two rounds of the merged Family Income and Expenditure Survey-Labor Force Survey (FIES-LFS) in 2015 and 2023. High school graduates from FIES-LFS 2015 form the control group, whereas SHS graduates from FIES-LFS 2023 form the treatment group. This design provided a clear demonstration of the causal effect of graduating from SHS on their labor market outcomes. The study performed a two-stage methodology: propensity score matching and adjusted multivariate regression after achieving matching balance. The adjusted regression aimed to improve balance by mitigating selection bias and confounding due to temporal changes in macroeconomic variables across periods. After procedures for inferential causality, the study concludes that SHS graduates (post-reform), compared to high school graduates (pre-reform), have a higher percentage of being in wage and salary occupations, a higher real daily wage, and a lower percentage of self-employment despite their lower probability of labor force participation and employment. Thus, SHS graduates experience benefits in labor market outcomes. Overall, the results imply that the SHS program improves the quality of employment rather than the quantity of employment opportunities.
Ang pag-aaral ay pagtatasa sa repormang K-12 na makapagbigay ng empleyo sa mga gradweyt ng senior high school (SHS). Nagsagawa ng naiibang estratehiya sa pagpapatupad ng pangangatwirang patunay sa sanhi gamit ang dalawang ulit (2015 at 2023) ng Family Income and Expenditure-Labor Force Survey (FIES-LFS). Ang grupong kinontrol ay mga gradweyt ng high school (HS) mula sa FIES-LFS 2015 at ang grupong tumanggap ng pagbabago ay mga gradweyt ng SHS mula sa FIES-LFS 2023. Sa disenyong ito malinaw ang pagpapakita ng epekto ng pinatunayang sanhing pagtatapos ng SHS sa mga tinatamasa sa bilihan ng paggawa. Nagsagawa ng dalawang baytang na pamamaraan ng saliksik, ang propensity score matching at ang isinaayos na multivariate regression matapos mabalanse ang pagtutugma. Isinaayos ang regression upang tugunan ang problema ng kiling sa pagpili at ang panapanahong pagbabago sa mga makroekonomikong varyabol. Matapos maseguro ang pangangatwirang patunay sa sanhi, pinagtitibay na ang mga gradweyt ng SHS (matapos ang reporma), kung ihahambing sa gradweyt ng HS (bago ang reporma), ay mas mataas ang porsiyentong nasa mga trabahong may pasweldo, mas mataas ang arawang tunay na sweldo, at may mababang porsiyentong nasa sariling empleyo kahit na mababa ang tsansang nasa hukbong paggawa at makatanggap ng empleyo. Samakatuwid, positibo ang epekto ng programang SHS sa tinatamasa sa bilihan ng paggawa. Sa kabuoan, pinahuhusay ng SHS ang kalidad ng empleyo kaysa pinararami ang oportunidad sa empleyo.
Recommended Citation
Gañgan, Francine Ysabel D. and Tullao, Jr., Tereso S.
(2026)
"Labor Market Outcomes Realized by Senior High School Graduates: A Research Note,"
DLSU Business & Economics Review: Vol. 36:
No.
1, Article 10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59588/2243-786X.1727
Available at:
https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/ber/vol36/iss1/10


