Investigating the effect of urbanization on weather using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model: A case of Metro Manila, Philippines

College

College of Science

Department/Unit

Center for Natural Sciences and Environment Research

Document Type

Article

Source Title

Environments - MDPI

Volume

6

Issue

2

Publication Date

2-1-2019

Abstract

The effect of urbanization of Metro Manila, particularly on the amount of sensible heat flux, rainfall and temperature of selected urban and rural areas, was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Version 3.4.1 (WRFV3.4.1) model. National Center for Environmental Prediction-Final (NCEP-FNL) grib1 data from 2000 to 2010 were used as inputs into the model for meteorological data. The Mann–Kendall trend test (M–K test) was utilized to verify the significance of the trends while Sen’s slope estimator was used to quantify the measured trends. Results showed that, on average, the sensible heat flux of Metro Manila is about 1.5 × 108 Jm−2 higher than in selected areas outside Metro Manila. The occurrence of an urban heat island (UHI) effect was detected in Metro Manila by comparing the difference in the minimum and maximum temperatures. For the selected urban and rural areas, the minimum and maximum temperature differences (relative to Metro Manila) are around 0.4 to 2.4°C and 0.83 to 2.3°C, respectively. Metro Manila recorded higher 11-year average values of rainfall during the summer season (8% to 64%), rainy season (15% to 305%), and transition season (8% to 232%) when compared with selected areas from 25 to 100 km from Manila. These results show that the sensible heat flux, temperature and rainfall in Metro Manila is affected by Metro Manila’s urbanization. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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Digitial Object Identifier (DOI)

10.3390/environments6020010

Disciplines

Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment | Environmental Monitoring | Physics

Keywords

Heat flux--Philippines--Metro Manila; Urbanization; Environmental aspects—Philippines--Metro Manila; Rain and rainfall—Philippines--Metro Manila

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