STOP: A secondary trauma intervention based on bystanders of gender-based violence experience

Department/Unit

Office of the Counselling and Career Services

Document Type

Article

Source Title

Guidance Journal

Volume

51

Issue

1

First Page

67

Last Page

77

Publication Date

5-2025

Abstract

Bystanders of gender-based violence (GBV) often experience secondary trauma, yet their psychological distress remains largely unaddressed. This study explores secondary trauma among student bystanders of GBVs and develops an intervention to address its effects. Using the Classical Grounded Theory framework, female students who witnessed GBV affecting their peers were interviewed. Findings revealed symptoms such as hypervigilance, avoidance, guilt, and difficulty forming relationships. To address these symptoms, the STOP intervention— Stabilization, Trauma processing, Offering support, and Psychosocial education—was developed. The study highlights the need for trauma-informed practices, safe spaces, and collaborative support systems in schools and communities to support both primary and secondary victims of GBV.

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Disciplines

Psychology

Keywords

Secondary traumatic stress; Gender-based violence

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