Date of Publication
3-2026
Document Type
Bachelor's Thesis
Degree Name
Bachelor of Science in Biology
Subject Categories
Biology
College
College of Science
Department/Unit
Biology
Thesis Advisor
Mark Christian Felipe R. Redillas
Defense Panel Chair
John Paul S. Domingo
Defense Panel Member
John Paul S. Domingo
Christian Jordan O. dela Rosa
Yokimiko D. Torrejos
Abstract (English)
Flooding is a recurring abiotic stress that significantly reduces rice productivity, especially in flood-prone regions such as Southeast Asia. This comprehensive review investigates the morphological, physiological, and survivability responses of Oryza sativa under various flooding conditions: complete submergence, stagnant flooding, flash flooding, partial submergence, waterlogging, and deepwater flooding. These conditions help in identifying key tolerance mechanisms and adaptive traits among flood-tolerant and flood-sensitive varieties. Utilizing the PRISMA 2020 framework, the researchers were able to find relevant studies published from 2014 to 2025, which were retrieved through the Publish or Perish software, which gathered the information from reputable research databases: CrossRef, PubMed, OpenAlex, and Google Scholar. Over 4,928 articles were initially resourced, then filtered using the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were analyzed based on the morphological, physiological, survivability, and genetic parameters alike. Findings revealed that submergence-tolerant varieties such as FR13A, Swarna-Sub1, and IR64-Sub1 maintained greater chlorophyll stability, antioxidant activity, as well as carbohydrate reservation, which led to higher survival and recovery rates. The flooding events morphologically induced increased plant height, shoot elongation, and adventitious root formation but decreased grain yield, tiller number, and panicle weight in most conditions. Physiological responses involve the activation of genes such as SUB1A, SNORKEL1/2, and CIPK15, which regulate ethylene signaling, metabolism of carbohydrates, and anaerobic respiration, contributing to the quiescence or escape strategies that rice employs under stress. Overall, the review highlights that flooding stress implies plant responses of adaptive measures from morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. Integration of the sub-tolerant QTLs, especially SUB1, into high-yielding varieties through marker-assisted backcrossing remains an effective approach to enhance resilience in rice cultivation. The findings impart knowledge to the development of improved rice genotypes suited for flood-prone ecosystems, supporting global food security and sustainable agriculture under climate change.
Keywords: Oryza sativa, flooding stress, submergence tolerance, morphology, physiology
Abstract Format
html
Abstract (Filipino)
Ang pagbaha ay isang paulit-ulit na abiotic stress na makabuluhang nababawasan ang produksyon ng palay, lalo na sa mga rehiyon na madalas na bahain tulad ng Timog-Silangang Asya. Itong komprehensibong pagsusuri ay inimbestigahan ang pagbabagong morpolohiya, pisyolohiya, at kakayahang mabuhay ng Oryza sativa sa ilalim ng iba’t ibang uri ng pagbaha: complete submergence, stagnant flooding, flash flooding, partial submergence, waterlogging, at deepwater flooding. Ang mga kondisyon na ito ay nakatulong sa pagtukoy ng iba’t ibang mekanismong toleransya at adaptibong mga katangian sa pagitan ng mga barayting matatag at sensitibo sa baha. Gamit ang PRISMA 2020 framework, nakapangalap ang mga mananaliksik ng mga kaugnay na pag-aaral mula 2014 hanggang 2025 sa pamamagitan ng Publish or Perish software, na kumuha ng impormasyon mula sa mga kagalang-galang na database: CrossRef, PubMed, OpenAlex, at Google Scholar. Mahigit 4,928 na artikulo ang unang nasuri, na sinala gamit ang inclusion at exclusion criteria, at sinuri batay sa mga parameter na morpolohikal, pisiyolohikal, survivability, at genetiko. Ipinapakita ng mga natuklasan na ang mga barayting matatag sa paglubog (submergence-tolerant) tulad ng FR13A, Swarna-Sub1, at IR64-Sub1 ay nagpapanatili ng mas mataas na chlorophyll stability, antioxidant activity, at reserba ng carbohydrate, na nagresulta sa mas mataas na antas ng survival at recovery. Ang mga kaganapan ng pagbaha ay nagdulot ng morpolohikal na pagbabago tulad ng pagtaas ng halaman, paghaba ng shoot, at pagbuo ng mga adventitious root, ngunit nagpababa sa ani ng butil, bilang ng suwi (tiller), at bigat ng uhay (panicle) sa karamihan ng mga kondisyon. Kasama sa mga pisiyolohikal na tugon ang pag-activate ng mga gene tulad ng SUB1A, SNORKEL1/2, at CIPK15, na kumokontrol sa ethylene signaling, metabolismo ng carbohydrates, at anaerobic respiration, na nag-aambag sa mga istratehiyang quiescence o escape na ginagamit ng palay sa ilalim ng stress. Sa kabuuan, binibigyang-diin ng pagsusuri na ang flooding stress ay nagpapahiwatig ng mga adaptibong tugon ng halaman sa antas na morpolohikal, pisiyolohikal, at molekular. Ang introgression ng mga sub-tolerant QTLs, partikular ang SUB1, sa mga barayting may mataas na ani sa pamamagitan ng marker-assisted backcrossing ay nananatiling epektibong diskarte upang mapataas ang katatagan ng produksyon ng palay. Ang mga natuklasan ay nagbibigay ng kaalaman para sa pagbuo ng mga pinahusay na genotype ng palay na angkop para sa mga ecosystem na madalas na bahain, na sumusuporta sa pandaigdigang seguridad sa pagkain at napapanatiling agrikultura sa ilalim ng pagbabago ng klima.
Mga Susing Salita: Oryza sativa, pagbaha, toleransya sa pagbaha, morpolohiya, pisyolohiya
Abstract Format
html
Language
English
Format
Electronic
Keywords
Rice; Floods; Morphology; Physiology
Recommended Citation
Dinoy, L. A., Lopez, E. S., & Raborar, A. (2026). Effects of different flooding conditions on Oryza sativa (rice) morphology, physiology, and survivability: A systematic and comprehensive review. Retrieved from https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.ph/etdb_bio/191
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Embargo Period
4-14-2027
