Date of Publication

4-2025

Document Type

Bachelor's Thesis

Degree Name

Bachelor of Science in Biology

Subject Categories

Biology

College

College of Science

Department/Unit

Biology

Thesis Advisor

Raymond Vincent F. Castillo

Defense Panel Member

Yokimiko C. David-Torrejos
Biena Marie S. Joaquin

Abstract/Summary

Tinospora crispa (Makabuhay) is a controversial medicinal plant extensively used as a traditional remedy for various ailments due to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. However, its potential toxicity in vivo remains underexplored. This study assessed the antioxidant activity, toxicity, and immunomodulatory effects of T. crispa stem extracts using Danio rerio (zebrafish). The Zebrafish Embryotoxicity (ZET) assay showed a dose- dependent response, with 1% and 5% concentrations inducing teratogenic effects such as tail malformation and growth retardation. General Morphology Score (GMS) assessment found significantly lower GMS in 1% than E3 and lower concentrations at 48 hpf (p < .001). The 5% group had the most reduced GMS at 24 hpf (p < .001), 48 hpf (p < .001), and 72 hpf (p = .030 vs. E3, p < .001 vs. paracetamol). Notably, no lethal effects were observed. Gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR indicated IFN-γ and CAT upregulation, suggesting immune activation and oxidative stress. A significant difference in IFN-γ expression was found among the different concentrations (p = .040). However, post hoc analysis showed no specific pairwise significance in IFN-γ (p > .05) and CAT (p = .051). The DPPH assay demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (p < .001), with no statistical difference at 0.076 mg/mL (p = .904). T. crispa exhibited an IC50 of 20.896 μg/mL, exceeding ascorbic acid (IC50: 40.401 μg/mL). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified 55 volatile compounds, with heptadecane (16.33%), pentadecane (11.41%), and 2- ethylhexyl salicylate (9.60%) as the major constituents. These findings provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential and toxicological risks of T. crispa, underscoring the need for further research to elucidate its safety, bioactive compounds, and mechanisms of action before its medicinal use.

Abstract Format

html

Language

English

Format

Electronic

Keywords

Zebra danio; Toxicity testing—In vitro; Toxicity testing—In vivo

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Embargo Period

4-14-2028

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Available for download on Friday, April 14, 2028

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